Dalkaisk Grammar

Below will be a general overview of Dalkaisk guidelines for syntax, grammar rules, verb conjugation, prepositions/postpositions, common prefixes/suffixes, and other related grammar rules to form complex sentences in Dalkaisk.

Overview

• Dalkaisk uses Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) sentence structure like English. This means that a basic sentence would be structured like "He sees her."
• Alternatively, Object-Subject-Verb (OSV) can also be used for stylistic or emphatic purposes, such as "Land, he saw."
• There are no definite or indefinite articles in Dalkaisk (i.e. the/a/an). If specificity or generality is needed in a sentence (AKA if 'the' or 'a' is needed,), the Dalkaisk words for 'that' (kjem) and 'one' (an) are used.

Pronouns

Personal (I, he, they)

	Singular	Plural
1st Person	vaj	vanaj/vajsk*
2nd Person	tej	tajsk
3rd Person	ren	renaj

*Vanaj includes the speaker and the listener (inclusive we), while Vajsk only includes the speaker (exclusive we).

Possessive (My, his, their)

	Singular	Plural
1st Person	vjin	vanaje/vasin*
2nd Person	tujen**	tasejn
3rd Person	ranen	renaje

*Vanaje includes the speaker and the listener (inclusive our), while Vasin only includes the speaker (exclusive our).

*Tujen is written as -taj when written in suffix form.

Demonstrative (this, that)

	Singular	Plural	Singular (EN)	Plural (EN)
Proximal	kev	kevan	this	these
Medial*	kjemtaj**	kjantaj**	that by you	those by you
Distal	kjem	kjeman	that	those

*Medial describes objects near the second person, in contrast to the dual nature of English's 'this' and 'that.'

**Originally dialectal, but increasingly growing in usage.

Usage Notes

• For aesthetic or emphatic reasons, pronouns before a word can also be attached as a suffix to the root word.
• Most pronouns are the same in suffix form (e.g. Vaj oleve, Olevevaj 'I appear'), but for tujen, It is -taj in its suffix form (e.g. tujen pju, pjutaj 'Your water').
• Suffix form pronouns always come after any verb or noun inflections. For example, 'he had been needing' would normally be 'ren holje najeret,' but would be changed to 'holje najaretren'

Noun

Noun Inflections

The main noun inflections decline based on number and prepositional phrasing (i.e to-, at-, from-).

The noun inflections are as follows:

Number Affixes:

• -(a)v, Plural marker, (a is optional dependent on if the noun ends in a consonant or a vowel.)

Preprepositional Affixes:

• av-, to (the/a) #
• lo-, by (the/a) #, (when attached onto a noun starting in a vowel, a /β/ "v" sound is usually included when spoken, loajtse, "by the end" sounds more like lovajtse)
• on-, in (the/a) #
• je-, at (the/a) #
• in-, from (the/a) #
• por-, with (the/a) #
• jaj-, on (the/a) #
• las-, about (the/a) #
• evo-, among (the/a) #, (see lo#)
• -tsi, of (the/a) #, attached after a noun as a stylistic choice or a redundancy reducer, (from tsi # tsi #, to tsi # #tsi)

Postpositional Affixes:

• -naj, for (the/a) #

Order of noun affixes go: Preposition + Root + Plural + Postposition (Suffix)

Verbs

Verb Inflections

• -re, Past Tense
• -(s)ejn, Future Tense
• -te, Continuous Tense, (reduced to -t after the past tense marker)
• holje #, Perfect Tense, (i.e had #, have #, etc.)
• #lajm, Interrogative tense, (Question markers at the end of words, optional to reduce spoken confusion)
• -jen, Habitual Tense, (Informal, dialectal)

Order of verb suffixes go: Past/Fut. + Cont./Hab. + Int.

Word Patterns

General Patterns

• -a, ja, Possible suffix for Nouns
• -je, -e, Common suffixes for Verbs

• -ij / -esk, Common suffixes for Adjectives

Derivational Patterns

• -isej / -isam*, Adjectives → Adverb

* -isam is much rarer, and only present in some common adjectives.